The Cholesterol Controversy

Medical authorities continue to recommend drugs and low-fat diets to reduce cholesterol. However, there is much more to the cholesterol story.

What Is Cholesterol?

Cholesterol is an essential body chemical, mostly synthesized in the liver. It is the precursor or raw material used to make the vital pituitary, adrenal and sex hormones. Cholesterol is also required to form vitamin D and bile acids. The liver makes about 2 grams of cholesterol daily, regardless of diet. Under stress, the body makes more cholesterol in order to make more adrenal or stress hormones.

Cholesterol is a mixture of compounds. These include high density lipoproteins or HDL, and low density lipoproteins or LDL. The latter contain lipoprotein-A, thought by some authorities to be important in the genesis of heart disease.

HDL, which is unoxidized cholesterol, is sometimes called "good cholesterol", while LDL, the oxidized form, is often termed "bad cholesterol". Blood laboratories often measure the ratio between the HDL and total cholesterol.

Does Cholesterol Cause Heart Disease?

The cholesterol theory of heart disease asserts that: 1) The risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with the serum level of cholesterol; and 2) Eating cholesterol-containing foods raises your cholesterol level. Let us explore this theory and alternative hypotheses in more detail.

About 100 years ago scientists noted that fatty deposits in the arteries often contain cholesterol. Of course, it was not known whether cholesterol deposits were the cause or the result of heart disease. Studies were done, including the large Framingham study, that found a definite correlation between high serum cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease.

However, the picture is not as clear as it seems. The Framingham study found that LDL or oxidized cholesterol was more predictive of heart disease than total cholesterol. Also, the study could not correlate eating foods containing cholesterol and an increase in the blood cholesterol.

Furthermore, many studies from around the world do not support the simplistic idea that eating more cholesterol or saturated fat increases the risk of heart disease. In an interesting book, The Milk Of Human Kindness Is Not Pasteurized,1 William C. Douglass, MD cites the following:

• The famous heart surgeon Michael Debakey analyzed 1700 patients with hardening of the arteries and found no correlation between blood cholesterol levels and the degree of atherosclerosis. 2
  
  
• The New England Journal of Medicine reported that a group of Guinea natives whose diet is normally low in cholesterol were fed eggs to see how much the eggs would influence their cholesterol. There was no significant effect on cholesterol levels. 3
  
  
• A study done by the American Cancer Society revealed that non-egg users had a higher death rate from heart attacks and strokes than egg users. This was a large and therefore convincing study involving over 800,000 people. 4
  
  
• Eskimos living on a diet of mostly meat and fat, have low cholesterol levels (about 130 mg) provided they stay on their native diet.
  
  
• The Masai tribe of Africa drink about 7 quarts of milk per day containing 60% saturated fat. Yet the average adult cholesterol level was 122. (The average American adult level is 234.) 5
  
  
• The American Academy of Pediatrics is warning against the latest call for low-cholesterol foods for children, since it is known that cholesterol is vital for children's growth.

Many other studies show no significant effect on blood cholesterol from eating eggs or other cholesterol-containing foods. Several are reported in The New Vegetarian, by Gary and Steve Null. A study in France found that although butter consumption is much higher in Western than in Eastern France, the mortality from heart disease in Western France is almost half that of Eastern France. 6

Before Western eating habits were introduced into the Eskimo population, they lived almost exclusively on animal meat and fat. Yet the incidence of heart disease was very low and cholesterol levels were below 200 mg. 7 Similar results were found in studies in the Soviet Union, India, and elsewhere. 8 9

The cholesterol theory of heart disease is very simplistic. It is like saying that duct tape wrapped around a damaged water hose is the cause of the hose damage. More likely, the tape - and the cholesterol - are the result of the damage, not the cause. In fact, two scientists, Brown and Goldstein, won a Nobel Prize in 1985 for their research into this theory. Cholesterol plaques are often there to protect a damaged artery. After all, a clogged artery is far preferable to a ruptured one. Elevated cholesterol is associated with heart disease, but may not be its cause.

What Causes Heart Disease?

If cholesterol is not the cause of heart disease, what are the causes? Many factors may contribute to cardiovascular disease. A properly performed hair mineral analysis can help identify a number of them. Here are some of the major factors suspected in cardiovascular disease.

• Klevay showed that copper deficiency is associated with atherosclerosis. Copper is required for connective tissue synthesis.
  
  
• Zinc deficiency reduces the flexibility of the arteries and causes hardening. It may also cause inflammation of the arterial walls.
  
  
• Magnesium and taurine deficiencies may contribute to high blood pressure and other heart problems.
  
  
• Cadmium toxicity is associated with hardening of the arteries.
  
  
• Elevated homocysteine levels are a factor in heart disease. Homocysteine is an amino acid. Its level can be reduced by increasing the intake of vitamin B6 and folic acid.
  
  
• According to Rath and Pauling's unified theory of heart disease, the causes are deficiencies of vitamin C and lysine. These are required for collagen synthesis. This theory asserts that high levels of lipoprotein-A, part of LDL cholesterol, is responsible for arterial damage.
  
  
• Other vitamins and minerals are involved. Chromium supplements, for instance, have been shown to lower cholesterol levels. Chromium, manganese and B-complex vitamins may reduce stress by enhancing carbohydrate metabolism.
  
  
• Low thyroid activity is associated with heart disease. Hypothyroidism may have numerous causes, including nutritional deficiencies and toxic metal poisoning.
  
  
• Inflammation and infections are now known to be important in cardiovascular disease. These can include seemingly unrelated infections such as dental infections. These can spread toxins that affect every organ.
  
  
• High blood pressure from any cause is a factor.
  
  
• Smoking, diabetes, obesity, coffee-drinking and a sedentary lifestyle are risk factors.
  
  
• Oxidant damage from vegetable oils and other oxidant exposure contributes to vascular disease. This factor may explain why populations that consume more animal fats often have less heart disease.
  
  
• Artificially-hydrogenated fats found in margarine, dressings, fried foods and elsewhere may contribute.
  
  
• Chlorinated and fluoridated drinking water, and residues of ionic detergents may be an important factor. See an ionized water filter available in our online store.
  
  
• Drinking homogenized milk may be harmful for the arteries.
  
  
• Adelle Davis in Let's Get Well noted that "animals and human volunteers that are fed sugar instead of unrefined carbohydrates develop high cholesterol levels".
  
  
• Familial and genetic tendencies, and emotions such as hostility appear related to heart disease.

Why Does Cholesterol Rise?

Modern nutritional science reveals several important facts about cholesterol:

• High cholesterol can be a symptom of an imbalanced body chemistry. One can observe high cholesterol levels in vegetarians who consume no cholesterol at all.
  
  
• Stress can increase cholesterol. Cholesterol is needed to make stress-fighting hormones such as cortisone and cortisol. A body under excessive stress (from internal or external sources) may produce extra cholesterol to increase the anti-stress hormones.
  
  
• Cholesterol plaques may protect weak arteries to prevent breakage.
  
  
• Cholesterol may in fact protect the body against free radical or oxidant damage. This theory was first advanced by Dr. Elmer Cranton in the book, Bypassing Bypass. This may be why high HDL which is non-oxidized cholesterol is positive, while LDL, which is oxidized cholesterol, is more of a risk for heart disease. In coping with oxidant stress, the HDL is oxidized, or converted to LDL.
  
  
• Some people seem to have a familial tendency for elevated cholesterol.
  
  
• Excessive consumption of sugar can contribute to high serum lipid levels.
  
  
• Fingerstick cholesterol tests are among the least accurate medical tests. Always have such tests repeated. HDL and LDL levels are as important or more important than total cholesterol. A simple cholesterol reading is not too revealing.

What About Dietary Fat?

There are many points to be considered. For example, the egg was indicted as a major cause of elevated cholesterol based on studies in the 1940s and 1950s. However, it turned out that in those studies powdered eggs were used. 10 These processed eggs contain oxidized cholesterol, the type known to cause problems. However, when the studies were repeated with fresh eggs, they did not raise cholesterol significantly. 11 However, many physicians and health authorities still quote the old studies.

Also on the subject of eggs, it has been found that eggs from chickens that are allowed to run free, so-called cage-free eggs, have less cholesterol. This means the way our food is produced influences its nutritional content.

There are many different types of fats. Studies have shown that a diet high in fish, which contain anti-inflammatory fats, can reduce heart disease. 12

In nutritional research, there are different body types. Some handle fats much better than others. Those whom Dr. Paul C. Eck called fast oxidizers require some fats and oils to help normalize body chemistry. Slow oxidizers, by contrast, do poorly on fats. This fact alone means that studies that look at the effects of fats on large groups are flawed unless they take into account different body chemistries.

This can help account for divergent results of studies, some of which show no ill effect of fats, while others show that saturated fats, for example, are not healthy. Thus, the idea of metabolic types can be most helpful to assess the effects of fats on any particular person. Let us explore this is more detail.

Fats and Fast Oxidizers

Fast oxidizers often develop problems with cholesterol. There are several reasons for this. One cause of elevated cholesterol or high LDL levels in fast oxidizers is a diet high in sugars and carbohydrates. The problem occurs because carbohydrates further unbalance their fast oxidation rate. This places more stress on the body, which in turn can increase the cholesterol level.

One might think fast oxidizers would have low cholesterol because they burn their fats and other nutrients faster. In theory, this is true. However, many people with a fast oxidizer pattern on their hair analysis are in fact slow oxidizers under stress. The stress is of a type that causes a temporary speed-up of their oxidation rate. We know this is true because on a retest the oxidation rate often slows. Stress of any kind can elevate the cholesterol level as the body seeks to produce more raw material to make stress hormones.

Fast oxidizers often require some fats or oils in their diet. These often do not further elevate the cholesterol level. Fast oxidizers may become irritable, hungry and nervous if they go on a very low-fat diet.

If your hair analysis indicates fast oxidation and you wish to restrict your fats, use high-quality vegetable oils which contain no cholesterol. These include avocado, palm oil, coconut oil, olive oil and health store oils like flaxseed and hempseed. Although palm and coconut oils contain saturated fats, they contain no cholesterol. It is best to avoid processed vegetable oils, like corn, soy, sunflower, safflower, and peanut oils sold in the supermarket. These have had all their vitamin E removed, and can cause more problems.

Some health authorities recommend restricting all fats and oils when the cholesterol is elevated. However, fast oxidizers often note a reduction in cholesterol when some fats and oils are added to the diet, substituting for high carbohydrates in the diet.

Fast oxidizers are often deficient in copper, zinc and magnesium. Any of these deficiencies can contribute to cardiovascular disease. Fast oxidizers may also develop excessive constriction of the coronary arteries due to excessive adrenal activity, and low calcium and magnesium levels. This can precipitate sudden and massive heart attacks.

Slow Oxidation

Slow oxidizers have more difficulty converting cholesterol into adrenal and sex hormones. The body may compensate by raising cholesterol to help produce more stress hormones. This is one possible cause of elevated cholesterol levels. The solution is to improve glandular activity. Slow oxidizers do not feel as well on fats. Therefore, they do best restricting fats and oils of all types. Slow oxidizers may be under stress for other reasons, which can elevate their cholesterol level. They may also have zinc deficiency and/or high levels of toxic metals such as cadmium, which can lead to arterial disease.

Low Sodium/Potassium Ratio

A hair analysis pattern often associated with cardiovascular disease and elevated cholesterol is a ratio of sodium to potassium less than 2.5:1. This is a chronic stress pattern, associated with excessive tissue breakdown, fatigue, diabetes, and heavy metal toxicity, all of which may contribute to cardiovascular disease.

Other Hair Analysis Patterns

Other mineral patterns associated with heart disease include low copper, low magnesium, low zinc, elevated cadmium.

Margarine and Other Plastic Foods

Many people think they are doing themselves a favor by eating margarine. They are not. All margarine is made by heating vegetable oil and bubbling hydrogen through the mixture to produce an artificially saturated fat. (The advertising about polyunsaturated oil used in margarine is misleading. The oil is saturated by the time they finish with it.) The problems with margarine are:

• Nutrients in the oil such as vitamin E are destroyed when the product is heated. (Vitamin E deficiency from overeating on refined vegetable oils increases the risk of heart disease).
  
  
• Hydrogenation produces trans-fatty acids. These are non-naturally occurring fatty acids that contribute to inflammation, one of the causes of heart disease. (Some margarines today claim to have the trans-fatty acids removed).
  
  
• Nickel is added as a catalyst in making margarine. Nickel is a highly toxic metal—fine for making coins, but not for eating.
  
  
• Artificial color and flavor must be added to margarine to make it palatable. These chemicals have their own toxic effects.
  
  
• A recent study showed that margarine elevated the undesirable LDL cholesterol.

The problems with margarine apply equally to commercial peanut butters, vegetable shortening such as Crisco®, fake whip cream products such as Cool-Whip®, and many fried foods, salad dressings and crackers made with hydrogenated oils. These artificially saturated fats are worse for the body than naturally-occurring fats.

Reducing Elevated Cholesterol and Triglycerides

Reducing cholesterol and increasing the HDL/LDL ratio can usually be accomplished with nutritional methods. Here are some guidelines:

• While some fat restriction may be helpful, other dietary factors are often much more important. A properly performed and interpreted hair analysis will provide much information about diet as well as mineral deficiencies, heavy metal toxicity and supplement recommendations to correct stress patterns.
  
  
• Food products containing refined white flour and white sugar - in all its forms - should be totally eliminated from the diet.
  
  
• Extra nutrients may be helpful including vitamin C, niacin, chromium, ginger, lecithin, omega-3 oils and extra fiber.
  
  
• Conditions such as dental infections and diabetes need to be addressed.
  
  
• Lifestyle considerations are important, including exercise, weight control, adequate rest and sleep, and smoking cessation.

Such a holistic approach is endorsed by Jonathan Wright, MD, a leading holistic physician and former medical columnist for Prevention Magazine. He writes:

"Only a few patients of the hundreds I've treated for high cholesterol have had to severely limit dietary intake (of fat). Usually, it is a matter of correcting the metabolism rather than the diet". 13

Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs

Several classes of drugs are used to lower cholesterol. Unfortunately, many have significant side effects. For example, in one study, patients placed on Gemfibrozil did have reduced cardiac events than a placebo group. However, the overall death rate was almost identical. Those taking the drug had a higher incidence of violence, accidents and intercranial hemorrhages. 14 Note that studies show that a low cholesterol level, below 130, is not beneficial either.

New recommendations suggest the use of medication whenever cholesterol is over 200 mg. 15 This ignores the research that total cholesterol is not nearly as important as LDL and its ratio to the total cholesterol.

Drugs do not address the biochemical causes for high cholesterol in most cases. This means that pathology in the body may continue to progress, despite the use of these drugs. Drugs ought be used as a last resort, only after natural methods have been tried.

Natural approaches to cholesterol and heart disease have no side effects, except perhaps improved general health. Also, they address deeper causes to create a more permanent correction. Before stopping any medication, we recommend consulting a physician.

Conclusion

In summary, high cholesterol can often be a symptom of stress or imbalanced chemistry, but not necessarily the cause. If you are healthy and your cholesterol level is within normal limits, don't be a fat hater and abandon all eggs, butter and meats. Do skip refined foods such as white flour, sugar, margarine and other hydrogenated oil products. Fats and oils are not all the same, by any means. Eating healthful fats and oils often pose no problem, whereas the refined oils can cause significant heart problems.

Some people need to restrict fats, including slow oxidizers and at times those with elevated cholesterol. A mineral analysis will provide more information in this area. By combining a scientific nutrition program with healthful lifestyle and appropriate diet most people can reduce their cholesterol and their risk of heart disease without drugs.

See The Great Cholesterol Mystery for additional information about cholesterol.

Copyright © 1991 - The Eck Institute of Applied Nutrition and Bioenergetics, Ltd.